Geniza Lab

Ketubba from Yemen. Date unknown. The first two lines, which included the date and the place, are now missing. The city Ṣanʿā' is mentioned in the content. The groom is Sālim b. Saʿīd al-Akhlūfī. The bride is Saʿīda bt. Saʿīd al-Ḥatrūshī. The document differs greatly from the usual ketubba and contains a number of Arabic phrases as אלפצה אלמדכורה. One of the two witnesses is יודא ן' מורי מוסי אלשחב (the other is illegible). Information from FGP.

Ketubba from Yemen. Date: Friday 19 Adar 2203 Seleucid, which is 1892 CE. Location: Al-Maḥābisha in northwest Yemen, also known as Quzayyiz, near lake al-Qaṭf. Groom: Ḥayyim b. Sulaymān. Bride: Shamʿa bt. Dā'ūd. Witnesses: Saʿīd b. Sulaymān Najjār and Yaḥya b. Saʿīd Kabbāsī. Information from FGP.

Story (ספר חסות) from Yemen about the relationships between the Jewish community and the Muslims. Describes the protection that the Jews received from Muhammad, concerning observing the Shabbat and other traditions. (Information from Goitein, The Yemenites, pp. 288-294). VMR. NB: The current shelfmark is unknown.

Document that is a continuation of Sassoon 1055A. Aharon al-Araki, who received a part of a house in Sana'a, sells his part to his brother Salam and his niece Badra for 150 Rial (75 for each); 1667. (Goitein, The Yemenites, 157-158) VMR

A testimony of a person who received 47.5 "Harf" (each of them equal to 40 "Vuksha" silver) for selling his part of the house in Sana'a. Around 1603-1628. (Goitein, The Yemenites, 150-152) VMR

A booklet containing copies of eight letters by Rav Sherira Gaon and one letter by Rav Hayye Gaon. End of the 10th century. The letter by Rav Hayye Gaon is addressed to the sister of Yosef b. Ḥasan b. Bundār, probably a community leader in Northern Iraq. All letters mainly deal with financial matters; the first seven mention places in Yemen. (Information from Gil, Kingdom, Vol. 2, pp. 83-84.)

Partnership agreement dated Sivan 1735 CE (5495), to last for eight years, it seems for a business venture dealing in etrogim. The six partners are (1) Yaʿaqov Bonsenyor (whose signature is preserved at the bottom), (2) Yeshuʿa al-Ḥāmī, (3) Avraham [...], (4) David Mizraḥī known as Nawwār (?), and (5) the youth Avraham Rozanes known as Ghazzāwī, and (6) Avraham's father, Shemuel al-Ghazzāwī. (There are a few missing words so it is not certain that Shemuel al-Ghazzāwī is the 6th partner.) An interesting detail mentioned is that Yaʿaqov Bonsenyor is about to set forth for a sheliḥut in Hebron and in Yemen. ASE.

Recto: Legal document. On parchment. In the handwriting of Mevorakh b. Natan. In which Bū Saʿd Moshe b. Yefet the head Parnas leaves to his wife Sitt al-Fakhr bt. Ṭoviyya, their two daughters, and their female slave 25 dinars and 5 irdabbs of wheat for the duration of his absence in Yemen, in addition to the rent of a new house in Qaṣr al-Shamʿ in Fustat (which he has already sold to her, as certified in a separate document in her possession). Verso: Draft of a legal document. In which Sitt al-Fakhr bt. Ṭoviyya testifies that she has received from her husband Bū Saʿd Moshe b. Yefet all that was due to her from her ketubba (dated Av 1468 Seleucid = 1157 CE), including all but 5 dinars from the delayed marriage payment (muʾakhkhar) of 60 dinars and her dowry worth 400 dinars (except for the female slave who "was lost"—ran away?—from the house even before Moshe b. Yefet traveled). Moshe b. Yefet is also known from other documents; he signed PER H 161 in Yemen in 1156 CE. And T-S 8J5.23 (dated 1169 CE) is a conditional bill of divorce which he granted to Sitt al-Fakhr before departing for Yemen (perhaps T-S 8J5.23 and T-S 12.585r were drawn up at the same time, and T-S 12.585v is evidence that the conditional divorce was fulfilled?). There is additional text in the upper margin and beneath the main text block at 90 degrees. (Information in part from Goitein's index card and Ashur and Outhwaite, "Between Egypt and Yemen in the Cairo Genizah" (2014).)

Recto: Letter from Moshe b. Ḥalfon b. Y[...], probably in Yemen, to a judge (who had a son named Netanel), probably in Fustat. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dating: Ca. 1168–1204, based on Maimonides' years in Egypt. The sender asks the addressee to ask Moshe Maimonides to issue a decision in a case between the sender and a judge (dayyān). The sender apologizes for sending two copies of this letter—he did so because of the vicissitudes of the journey. He sends regards to various people, including probably Munajjā al-Kohen. Verso: Postscript containing a similar request from Yaḥyā b. Muqbil, asking the addressee to obtain Maimonides' decision for him and send it together with the decision for Moshe b. Ḥalfon. Underneath is another postscript, apparently containing only a greeting. Goitein suggests convincingly that this letter was sent from Yemen, on the basis of the style, the script, the names, and the fact that two copies were sent. (Information in part from Goitein's index card.)

A booklet containing copies of eight letters by Rav Sherira Gaon and one letter by Rav Hayye Gaon. End of the 10th century. The letter by Rav Hayye Gaon is addressed to the sister of Yosef b. Ḥasan b. Bundār, probably a community leader in Northern Iraq. All letters mainly deal with financial matters; the first seven mention places in Yemen. (Information from Gil, Kingdom, Vol. 2, pp. 83-84.)

Legal document. Record of release. Written in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe. Location: Fustat. Dated: Adar I, 1426 Seleucid. One of two copies of a signed and executed mutual release of the partners Abū l-Karam Nadiv b. Saʿadya ha-Levi and Abū l-Surūr Peraḥya b. Benyamin from their long distance trading partnership. Both partners traveled to Yemen and traded in fabrics and and manufactured commodities. The partners use a number of terms to describe their complicated partnership relationships: khulṭa, shirka, and muḍāraba (commenda). There were also outside investors in their partnership, suggesting that Nadiv and Peraḥya were joint active partners employing this outside capital (as such the other partners are not mentioned in the release). The details of their relationship had been specified in a detailed agreement (kalimnā) which may or may not have been oral [NB: the document actually says "kull minnā," "each of us," which is not a reference to a prior detailed agreement]; this document represents only the termination of their joint relationship. Each party had to settle his account with his outside investors independently, in contrast to the corporate model seen elsewhere. (Information in part from Lieberman, "A Partnership Culture," 152)

Letter from Madmun b. David: Murder of the 'Caliph' and return of Jewish life to normalcy. Aden, 1202.

Letter with a legal purpose. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dating: 11th or 12th century. From an unidentified sender to a certain parnas, trustee of the court. The sender urgently asks the addressee to send for the merchants Yaʿaqov known as Ibn al-Suṭūḥ from Tripoli (Libya) and his traveling companion Yaʿaqov b. Zikrī al-Nafūsī who are soon to depart for Yemen. One of them has a bill of divorce with him that must be delivered before he travels. (Information from Goitein's notes and Oded Zinger's forthcoming edition.)

Conditional bill of divorce. In the hand of Mevorakh b. Natan. Dated: Av 1480 Seleucid, which is 1169 CE. The trader Bū Saʿd Moshe b. Yefet gives this conditional divorce to his wife before setting out on a journey to Yemen. Signed by: Mevorakh b. Natan and Shemuel b. Seʿadya. See also T-S 12.585 recto and verso. (Information in part from S. D. Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 3:192, 467; Amir Ashur and Ben Outhwaite, “Between Egypt and Yemen in the Cairo Genizah,” Journal of Islamic Manuscripts, Vol. 5 (2014), 213.) EMS.

State petition. Recto: petition to the the imām Al-Āmir bi-Aḥkām Allāh from a Jewish merchant, Mūsā b. Ṣadaqa, who was detained unlawfully after his return from India and Yemen with goods. The merchant writes that he had already registered documents in the court of the judge Jalāl al-Mulk Tāj al-Aḥkam (Abū l-Ḥajjāj Yūsuf b. Ayyūb al-Maḡribī) and asks for his property and freedom to be restored. Ca. 516-521 AH (= 1123-1127 CE). On verso there is Hebrew liturgical text. (information from CUDL.) See also Goitein notes linked below.

Letter from Ḥalfon b. Netanel from ‘Aydhab to his brother Ali b. Netanel, 1132. Ḥalfon is on his way back to Egypt after an unsuccessful journey to India. He writes to his brother, a judge in Fustat, concerning his business and his disappointment that it did not go as expected. He also describes in details an event that happened in Yemen when he was a part of an argument between members of the Jewish community there, about the Gaon's authority (Masliah Gaon from the yeshiva of Palestine), which led to Ḥalfon's humiliation. He writes how hurt he is and asks his brother, that is very close to the Gaon, to talk with him about it. (Information from Gil and Fleischer "Yehuda Ha-Levi and his circle", pp: 348-354). VMR

Mercantile letter. In Judaeo-Arabic. Mentions: having no option except to travel to Yemen; Alexandria; and trade in silk. (Information in part from CUDL)

Legal testimony in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe. No signatures, and probably unfinished. It concerns the death of the trader Tamīm b. Yaʿaqov ha-Kohen in Yemen (diyār al-Yaman), and presumably his estate. Mentions the local ruler (sulṭān tilka l-diyār). On verso, there is a document with list of names, such as Yefet, ʿAllūn and [...] Ibn al-Ṣabbāgh (the dyer). (Information in part from CUDL)

Legal fragment in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Menashshe. Mentions Nagid ha-Gola, Abū Yaʿqūb Yūsuf, and Yemen. (Information in part from CUDL)

Small fragment from a legal deed relating to Abū l-Faraj al-Jubayli, and his trip to Yemen. Written by Halfon b. Menashshe ha-Levi.