Geniza Lab

Copy of a court record from Aden. Dating: Summer 1131 CE. Concerning a controversy over Jewish communal leadership in Yemen. Goitein thought that this copy was made in the hand of Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, but Friedman doubts this. It is not a direct continuation of T-S 20.37, but it concerns the same controversy. Namely, a Persian Nasi who was a cousin of the Exilarch in Baghdad had come to Aden, and the Yemeni public received him with respect and handed over to him the synagogue and religious affairs. He annulled the practice of mentioning the authority of the head of the Palestinian Yeshiva (at that time Maṣliaḥ Gaʾon, based in the Egyptian capital) in prayer and legal documents. The foreign merchants, such as Ḥalfon b. Netanel, opposed this. (Information from Goitein, The Yemenites, pp. 67–68 and Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.) VMR

Letter from Khalaf b. Yiṣḥaq, in Aden, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in ʿAydhāb. Dating: after autumn 1131 CE. Mainly in Hebrew, with some Judaeo-Arabic. The location of Ḥalfon and the dating can be deduced based on the mention of the great storm at sea, also mentioned in ח10 (T-S Ar.48.270). This is a letter of gratitude for Ḥalfon's halakhic responsum on matrimonial matters concerning one Abū l-Ṭāhir, who needed to return to Aden from India. Ḥalfon had been asked to write his expert opinion with regard to a man who died without male offspring, in which case his widow was obliged to marry one of his brothers, normally the eldest (levirate marriage). It is reasonable to assume that R. Yaʿaqov, mentioned in l. 22 as someone who admired Ḥalfon's responsum, is Yaʿaqov b. Salīm, who wrote ח5 (CUL Or.1080 J225), who was close both to Ḥalfon and to Khalaf. The greetings at the end confirm the closeness of Khalaf to Maṣliaḥ Gaʾon and to the family members of Ḥalfon (and they shed light on some questions, such as how many brothers Ḥalfon had). (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.)

India Book 4 (Hebrew description below; English to come)

Letter from Abu Zikri Kohen, representative of the Merchants in Fustat, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in Aden. Dated: Adar I 1448 Seleucid = January/February 1134 CE. He writes that after Ḥalfon traveled to India and returned to Aden, the people in Egypt expected him to return home. But then merchants arrived in Egypt from Aden and reported that he was staying there. Previously Ḥalfon had deposited a quantity of pepper in Aden, which he had purchased for Abū Zikrī. He had already written to Maḥrūz b. Yaʿaqov concerning the prices of oriental goods in Egypt, and there was a similar list in the hands of the Egyptian merchant Abū Naṣr b. Avraham, who was then working in Aden. Abu Zikri urges Ḥalfon to buy goods in Aden and return to Egypt. However, if Ḥalfon wishes to return to India, Abu Zikri asks him to leave the pepper in the hands of Yosef b. Avraham, because this is already the third year that Abu Zikri cannot travel to Yemen. According to Abu Zikri, Ḥalfon's previous trip to India was unnecessary. Had he bought goods in Yemen and returned to Egypt in that year he would have made a good profit, for even the young and inexperienced merchants at that time in Egypt made immense profits from the goods they bought in Yemen. At the end of the letter, there are greetings to Ḥalfon from his family and the writer and a request to greet the important people of Aden and to help Abu Nasr b. Avraham. (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.)

Letter from Ḥalfon b. Netanʾel ha-Levi, in Alexandria, to Yiṣḥaq Ibn ʿEzra, in Spain. In Judaeo-Arabic. The letter deals with the death of Ḥalfon's brother and other notables and the series of disasters that struck Ḥalfon and the community. Dating: probably January 1140 CE (though Goitein originally believed it to be 1129 CE, he later revised his dating and Friedman agrees). (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV.) Goitein summarizes the letters as follows: "A perfect picture of the influence of emotions on physical and mental health is found in the long letter written by the noble India trader Ḥalfon b. Netanel nine months after his return to Egypt from a long sojourn in Spain. As expected from a man like him, he dedicates the first twenty lines to the praise of his gracious and learned hosts, whom he so greatly missed. Then he goes on to bemoan one after another the disasters that disturbed his mind: civil war, anarchy, the high cost of living in Egypt, the death of the Head of the Jerusalem Academy (which then had its seat in Cairo) and of several luminaries of the Jewish spiritual and social upper crust; hardly had the months of mourning for those passed when Halfon's misfortune was topped by the demise of his eldest brother, who was the president of the Jewish High Court of Justice. He found himself unable to act, even to supervise the unloading of his goods, and let the perishables rot. During his long stay in Alexandria his body and soul never enjoyed full health, but he was also unable to bring himself to go up to Cairo: how could he visit the place vacated by his brother? Family and friends came down to Alexandria to induce him to return home, but he did not find in himself nahḍa, energy, to do so. For this reason, he was also not in a position to send to his friends in Spain (mostly physicians) the pharmaceutical plants promised, for these were to be had only in the capital (the terminal of the India trade), not in the Mediterranean port. Nor for the time being was he in a frame of mind to continue writing the learned discussions that were started during his sojourn in Spain. He concludes with a refined twist; he really did not want to send this letter but he was overcome by yearning for his Spanish friends, and asks them, considering his state of mind, to overlook his shortcomings in style and script (in that order)." (Goitein, Med Soc V, pp. 243–44.)

Letter from Yaʿaqov the physician, possibly in Granada, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel, in Almeria. Dating: 1138–39 CE. Same sender as T-S 13J17.22. The sender says that he assuages his longing for Ḥalfon by singing his praises in private and in public. This letter is primarily a recommendation for the poet Abū Ayyūb b. Sahl. Apparently the three men—Ḥalfon, Yaʿaqov, and Abū Ayyūb—had all been traveling companions until they parted ways in Almeria. After Abū Ayyūb returned to his hometown, he composed a panegyric for Ḥalfon. It was originally attached to this letter but has not survived (or at least not been found). Greetings to Yosef Ibn ʿEzra and Avraham b. Muʿṭī of Tilimsān. (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.)

Letter from Yiṣḥaq Ibn Barukh, in Almeria, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi. Dated: Sunday, 29 Tammuz 4898 AM = 10 July 1138 CE. Concerning their joint business endeavors which are related to Yehuda ha-Levi as well. Ḥalfon had asked the writer to transfer 150 dinars to Yehuda ha-Levi, probably indicating that Yehuda ha-Levi invested in Ḥalfon's business. The sender will transfer the whole amount, when he receives it, to Yehuda b. Ghiyāth in Granada, who will transfer it to Yehuda ha-Levi. (Information from Goitein, 'Rabbi Yehuda ha-Levi in Spain in the light of the Geniza papers', Tarbiz, 24 (1955), pp. 136-137). VMR. See also India Book 4 (Hebrew description below).

Letter from Yeḥezqel b. Netanel ha-Levi, probably in Qalyūb, to his brother Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in Alexandria. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dated: Sunday, 2 Shevaṭ (1451 Seleucid) = 24 December 1139 CE. Written nine days after Yeḥezqel's preceding letter (IV, 59). He reports that he arrived safely, probably to Qalyub, and that he took care of the things mentioned in certificate IV, 59 and also in the subsequent documents, such as his sale of khazz silk and a payment to Abū Yiṣḥaq. At the end of the letter he greets his son Abū l-Fakhr, who was staying with Ḥalfon in Alexandria. (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.)

Letter from Yosef Ibn al-Lukhṭūsh, in Granada, to Ḥalfon b. Netanʾel ha-Levi, in Fustat. Dated: middle of May, 1130 CE. The sender, an Ifrīqiyyan merchant, writes with flowery rhetoric to send condolences on the death of a certain unidentified rosh yeshiva and of Ḥalfon's brother. The handwriting and layout are distinctively Maghribī or Ifrīqiyyan. The letter contains the only nearly explicit evidence thus known that Ḥalfon traveled to al-Andalus before 1130, but Friedman cautions that the reading of the date isn't entirely certain, and it may have been written in 1140. Ibn al-Lukhṭūsh asks Ḥalfon to write to him about his experiences in detail from the time he left al-Andalus until his arrival in Egypt. (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.)

India Book 4 (Hebrew description below; English to come)

Letter from ʿAmram b. Yiṣḥaq, in Alexandria, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in Fustat. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dating: Middle of Adar (1451 Seleucid) = February 1141 CE. The letter deals with the illness of ʿAmram's wife (evidently a familly member of Ḥalfon's) and the way she was treated. She had been suffering lethargy, palpitations, and fainting spells for over a year and a half. She was treated for “the obstruction of the heart (inqifāl al-qalb) mentioned by al-Rāzī in the Manṣūrī,” but the medicine only made matters worse. Midwives were summoned to treat her for "the illness of women”—hysteria—by the application of oils and fats. When this, too, failed, she was overwhelmed by black bile (melancholia), rendering her “a piece of flesh, yearning for death but unable to attain it.” ʿAmram asks Ḥalfon to convey his wife’s medical history to the physicians of the capital, so that “perhaps she will attain relief.” (Information in part from Frenkel, and Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV—Hebrew description below.)

Letter from Saʿdān b. Thābit al-Baghdādī ha-Levi, in Alexandria, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in Fustat. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dating: ca. 1135 CE. Goitein identified the sender based on his handwriting (which is corroborated by the content of IV,89). Apparently, Saʿdān had sent Ḥalfon a shipment of pearls. He complains about Ḥalfon’s plan to travel to Damascus by land rather than by ship from Alexandria because Saʿdān expected them to meet there, and so Ḥalfon would pay all or part of the debt that Ḥalfon's brother Abū ʿAlī Yeḥezqel owed to Saʿdān. Ḥalfon had already described to Saʿdān the difficult illness of Yeḥezqel. According to Saʿdān, the deposit of silk which Ḥalfon had deposited with him was not sufficient to repay the debt. Goitein remarks, "The beautiful style abounding in courtesy, even as the writer complains of being harmed, is reminiscent of Spanish letters, and there is no doubt that the writing manners that Saʿdān found while in Spain stuck with him." (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; see Hebrew description below.)

Letter from Yosef b. Shemuel ha-Levi known as Ibn al-Lukhtūsh, probably in Granada, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, probably staying somewhere in Spain not far from Granada. Dating: October 1138 CE. In Judaeo-Arabic. See also IV,3 and IV,40, other letters with the same sender and addressee. This letter testifies to the recognition that Yosef accorded to Ḥalfon as a leader with stature in the Jewish world. The sender comments on a letter he received from Ḥalfon containing things that disturbed his peace, probably meaning Ḥalfon’s precarious health and things that prevented him from setting out and difficulties in trading. The sender hopes that business with Tilimsān has reached a successful conclusion, probably a reference to the same affairs as in IV,30 (at which time the money from Tilimsān had not yet arrived). The letter also includes information on other financial matters, including money given by the author to Ḥalfon for a copyist and cantor. A greeting is sent to Abū l-Barakāt b. Harith al-Levi, who arrived in Almeria from Alexandria in August 1138 CE. (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.)

Letter from Yosef b. Avraham b. Bundār, in Aden, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in India. Dating: Ca. 1134 CE. Concerning textiles, musk, and pepper imported from India to Aden, and cinnabar, which was shipped in the opposite direction. (Information from India Book 4, Hebrew description below.)

Letter from Yiṣḥaq b. Aharon Sijilmāsī, in ʿAydhāb, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel. Dating: 25 Iyyar [4900] AM, which is 14 May 1140 CE. Yiṣḥaq b. Aharon Sijilmāsī wrote this letter from ʿAydhāb nearly 4 months after he departed from Fustat to Aden, as described in document ח65 (where he is called Abū Isḥāq Sijilmāsī). He stayed in ʿAydhāb for a time before traveling further south (he wrote this letter after boarding the ship in ʿAydhāb). In the interim he already sent one letter to Ḥalfon and received one letter in response. The present letter asks Ḥalfon to help the bearer, a fellow man of Sijilmāsa, with some mercantile matters. Yiṣḥaq also reports on (and curses) two Jews who reported him to the government in ʿAydhāb, claiming that he cheated on customs dues for some coral. One of the accusers later drowned. On verso there are also several lines of piyyuṭ. (Information from India Book 4; Hebrew description below.)

Letter by Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in Damascus (חדרך), to Yeshuʿa b. Moshe, in Egypt. In Hebrew. Dating: ca. 1145/46 CE. Regarding the will of Maṣliaḥ Gaon. The addressee is not known from other sources. Ḥalfon is currently in the circle of Avraham b. Mazhir, the head of the Palestinian Yeshiva in Damascus, who was likely an in-law of Maṣliaḥ. Ḥalfon asks the addressee to look for the will of Maṣliaḥ Gaon among the two witnesses who wrote and signed in (R. Natan ha-Dayyan ha-Ḥaver ha-Meʿulle and R. Natan b. Shemuel) or other witnesses. If he cannot find it, he should try to reconstruct its text from the witnesses and to send it by land through the desert to Damascus. This letter itself was sent by land. Ḥalfon has praised Yeshuʿa to the yeshiva in Damascus. (Information from India Book 4; Hebrew description below.)

Letter drafts from Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in Alexandria. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dating: 1139 CE. This fragment contains three different drafts of letters. The first draft is partial and appears to be an incomplete version of the second draft. This is a letter addressed to an unnamed Jewish courtier in Fustat. The third draft is likely addressed to the Head of the Jews, probably the new Nagid Shemuel b. Ḥananya. In this letter, Ḥalfon apologizes for not having presented himself in person or having written earlier. He blames this on his wretched condition in the wake of his illnesses (v16–18) and the tribulations of his four-year journey to the Maghrib and to al-Andalus. In particular, he has been shaken by the deaths of his brother and the death of 'our diadem and crown and master and head' (v19–21); Goitein concludes that the references are to Ḥalfon's brother ʿEli and to the head of the Yeshiva, Maṣliah Gaon. Presumably, Ḥalfon wrote these drafts during the period he spent in Alexandria upon his return from the West to Egypt in April 1139 CE. "God knows how I wrote this, with a downcast heart and trembling fingers." Description based on India Book 4, #58. ASE.

Letter from Yehuda ha-Levi, in Alexandria, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dating: After the middle of September 1140 CE. In Judaeo-Arabic. He mentions the exaggerated honors that the Jews of Alexandria honored him with, especially Aharon Ibn al-ʿAmmānī. He felt the need to show outwardly (“טאהר”) that he received them kindly, but that they embarrassed him because he did not leave Spain on his way to Israel, but wanted, in his hidden intention ('באטן') to be alone, and he saw death before his eyes. The poet asked Ḥalfon to write a letter of thanks to the judge, whose sending would prove how much the guest appreciated the efforts of his benefactor. In the continuation, he responds to Ḥalfon’s "depression and sadness of heart," mentioned in IV, 92. Yehuda ha-Levi explains that this is a natural response to Ḥalfon's grief for the death of his brother ʿEli. (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV)

Recto: Letter from Abū Naṣr b. Avraham, in Alexandria, to an India trader (probably not Ḥalfon b. Netanel). Dating: 20 Adar II, likely 1448 Seleucid = 1137 CE. Inquiring about arrivals from the India route and describing the general economic depression in Alexandria. A brother of Abū Naṣr adds greetings. (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.) Verso: Addendum to a letter written by Abū Naṣr b. Avraham, Ḥalfon b. Netanel's representative in Alexandria, possibly to Abū Zikrī Kohen, the representative of the merchants in Fustat. The identification of the sender and addressee was made according to the handwriting, style and content of the letter. The letter reports hard times in Alexandria. The letter testifies to Abu Nasr's involvement in the India trade. Local scarf production is also mentioned. (Information from Frenkel. See additional information in Goitein, Med. Soc. 5:180 no. 36.)

Letter from Khalaf b. Yiṣḥaq, in Aden, to Ḥalfon b. Netanel ha-Levi, in ʿAydhāb. In Judaeo-Arabic. Dating: ca. 1131 CE. Ḥalfon was probably en route back to Fustat from Yemen. Khalaf asks him to distribute gifts to the dignitaries and to deliver some letters. Khalaf discovered that he owes Ḥalfon a quarter dinar. Mentions items that he told Ḥalfon to purchase for Maṣliaḥ Gaʾon. Khalaf also asks Ḥalfon to apologize on his behalf to two cantors in Fustat for not having responded to their letters. (Information from Goitein and Friedman, India Book IV; Hebrew description below.)